If you're looking for a powerful open-source distributed database system, but don't want to spend hours configuring and installing it, then Cassandra is the right solution for you.
Cassandra is a powerful open-source distributed database system designed to handle large amounts of data across many commodity servers, providing high availability with no single point of failure. Instead, data is partitioned and spread over several servers using a key-value store.
Deploy a new Vultr Rocky Linux instance
Update your Vultr Rocky Linux 8 server
First, to run Cassandra on your system, you must install Java OpenJDK. OpenJDK is a free and open-source implementation of the Java Platform. Installation instructions are listed below.
Run the dnf install command to install the java-1.8.0-openjdk package. As of this writing, the latest version of Java OpenJDK is 1.8.xxx. The installation of Java OpenJDK might take some time to complete.
$ sudo dnf install java-1.8.0-openjdk -y
Once the installation completes, verify the installed version of Java OpenJDK in your system using the java -version command.
$ java -version
openjdk version "1.8.0_322"
OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_322-b06)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.322-b06, mixed mode)
Cassandra is written in Java, but you'll need to install python as well since the cqlsh tool is written in python. Cqlsh is a command-line interface for Cassandra; you'll need to install python to run Cassandra.
Run the dnf install command to install the python36 package in your system. As of this writing, the latest version of python is 3.6.8.
& sudo dnf install python36 -y
Once the installation completes, verify the installed version in your system using the python3 --version command.
$ python3 --version
Python 3.6.8
Run the alternatives --config command below to select the default Python interpreter. Cassandra requires python v3 or later. So you should select the latest one from the list and at least v3. Select the number corresponding to the latest python version and press Enter. In this demo, it's option 2.
$ alternatives --config python
1 /usr/libexec/no-python
2 /usr/bin/python3
Now you have the required components installed in your system, and you are ready to install Apache Cassandra.
The base Rocky Linux repository does not have a Cassandra package, so you need to add its repository to your system first.
Create a new file named cassandra.repo under the /etc/yum.repos.d directory using the nano text editor.
sudo nano /etc/yum.repos.d/cassandra.repo
Populate the cassandra.repo file with the following contents. The baseurl specifies where the RPMs are located(https://downloads.apache.org/cassandra/redhat/40x/). The 40x here means the latest version of Apache Cassandra 4.0.3 is downloaded from this location. You can always choose the latest version available in its official repository.
[cassandra]
name=Apache Cassandra
baseurl=https://downloads.apache.org/cassandra/redhat/40x/
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://downloads.apache.org/cassandra/KEYS
Save and exit the file by pressing Ctrl+O, Enter, and Ctrl+X. Run the dnf update command to update your system's package management index with the newly added repository.
$ sudo dnf update -y
Run the dnf repolist Cassandra command to check if the new repo is properly set up. You will see the new Cassandra repo is enabled in the output.
$ sudo dnf repolist cassandra
repo id repo name status
cassandra Apache Cassandra enabled
Finally, install the cassandra package using the dnf install command.
& sudo dnf install cassandra -y
Start the Cassandra service.
sudo service cassandra start
Reloading systemd: [ OK ]
Starting cassandra (via systemctl): [ OK ]
Enable the Cassandra service to start on system reboot.
$ sudo systemctl enable cassandra
cassandra.service is not a native service, redirecting to systemd-sysv-install.
Executing: /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-sysv-install enable cassandra
Check the status of Cassandra's service.
sudo service cassandra status
cassandra.service - LSB: distributed storage system for structured data
Loaded: loaded (/etc/rc.d/init.d/cassandra; generated)
Active: active (running) since Mon 2022-02-21 23:35:06 UTC; 4min 44s ago
Securing your Cassandra cluster is as important as installing it. Suppose you have several Cassandra nodes on the same network. You should secure the cluster at the beginning to prevent attackers from accessing your database.
Run the firewall-cmd command below to create a new firewall zone named cassandra-cluster for Cassandra. You should create a new zone to associate with the Cassandra cluster to prevent conflict with other services in the system. The --permanent flag defines the new firewalls are permanent. The --new-zone flag defines the new firewall zone.
$ sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --new-zone cassandra-cluster
success
Reload the firewalld service.
$ sudo firewall-cmd --reload
Add your server network CIDR into the new zone so that your client and server can communicate with each other.
$ sudo firewall-cmd --zone=cassandra-cluster --add-source=your-CIDR-here/24 --permanent
Run the following commands to allow access to the default ports for Cassandra on the new cassandra-cluster zone.
sudo firewall-cmd --zone=cassandra-cluster --add-port=7000/tcp --permanent
sudo firewall-cmd --zone=cassandra-cluster --add-port=9042/tcp --permanent
Finally, reload the firewalld rules. At this point, your Cassandra cluster is secured and can only access from your-CIDR-here/24.
sudo firewall-cmd --reload
Now that you have a new Cassandra cluster, you can test if it's up and running properly.
Run the nodetool status command to check your Cassandra cluster status. This command will return all nodes' information, including the IP address, the load average of each node, data center name, version, and health statistics about each node in the cluster.
$ sudo nodetool status
Datacenter: datacenter1
=======================
Status=Up/Down
|/ State=Normal/Leaving/Joining/Moving
-- Address Load Tokens Owns (effective) Host ID Rack
UN 127.0.0.1 97.22 KiB 16 100.0% 5607b149-a79e-4e3e-8d98-5b4a26ff698f rack1
U indicates that the node is up. You can see which nodes are up or down by viewing the corresponding U or D in the output.
N indicates that the node is normal.
The Address shows the IP address of the node.
The Host ID is a unique identifier for each node.
You can also use the cqlsh command to interact with your Cassandra cluster.
$ cqlsh
Connected to Test Cluster at 127.0.0.1:9042
[cqlsh 6.0.0 | Cassandra 4.0.3 | CQL spec 3.4.5 | Native protocol v5]
Use HELP for help.
cqlsh>
For example, if you want to change the default name cluster(Test Cluster), you can use the update command to change it. Replace Vultr Cluster with your desired value.
$ UPDATE system.local SET cluster_name = 'Vultr Cluster' WHERE KEY = 'local';
Quit cqlsh shell.
$ quit
Next time you use the cqlsh command, it will use the new cluster name( Vultr Cluster). This output confirms that you have successfully installed Cassandra on your system.
$ cqlsh
Connected to Vultr Cluster at 127.0.0.1:9042
[cqlsh 6.0.0 | Cassandra 4.0.3 | CQL spec 3.4.5 | Native protocol v5]
Use HELP for help.
cqlsh>
To learn more about Cassandra, please visit its official website.